Parkia biglobosa (Leguminosae) en Afrique de l'Ouest : biosystematique et amelioration

The purpose of the research presented here is to strengthen the scientific and technical basis of biodiversity conservation, and use of Parkia biglobosa (African locust bean, néré ). The approach to this research included the gathering of technical and ethnobotanical data. This information can be used to support the development of methods and strategies for conservation, use and improvement of this multi-purpose agroforestry tree species in West and Central Africa.Overexploitation of land, particularly in densely populated and dry areas, affects the rejuvenation process of this tree. This results in the general aging of néré orchards, particularly in the southern part of its range of distribution.More than 1600 trees from 5 countries were sampled and various morphometric and phenological observations were used to determine the level of the variation extant in P . biglobosa as well the structure of this diversity. Socio-economic and cultural data were obtained through questionnaires filled out by more than 500 people from different ethnicgroups in Burkina Faso and Benin.The initial hypothesis of the research was: a number of phenotypic characters of the species present clinal variation along longitudinal and latitudinal gradients. This has important implications for selection, conservation and genetic improvement.The research established the place and importance of néré in the daily life of many rural communities and determined the kinds of variation in P. biglobosa and how to capture this variation in an efficient way. This rich traditional knowledge presents a social image of the tree, as a common resource, which reinforces the cohesion of the group and is a symbol of peace, continuity, and harmonious development in these communities.Every part of this multi-pupose tree is utilized. The tree functions to diversify production and sources of income in the agricultural system. The fermented seeds produce a protein-rich condiment, soumbala or dawadawa, that fortifies the taste of most sauces. The pulp around the seeds is rich in sugar and is much appreciated by children. Bark and leaves, as well as seeds and pulp, have medicinal properties and are used in the treatment of more than 40 ailments.Almost every community has a different local name for the tree. Ibis linguistic diversity reflects ancient traditional knowledge about the species. The numerous customs, rites, legends and folklore are evidence of the existence of profound, durable and harmonious interdependence and mutual benefit between persons in the village and trees in the orchard. This knowledge is based on a large number of the tree characteristics such as adaptation, various uses, vigour, resistance to pests and specific diseases, bark texture and fruit production capacity (quantity, quality and periodicity). Various forms of néré are distributed in correlation to the enviromnental conditions.Women, who are the most knowledgeable about the tree, are the repository of the knowledge concerning fruit and seed aspects. They handle the seeds, exchange plant material and prepare the food items. The men maintain the knowledge on sylvicultural practices to optimize production. This includes balancing interaction between the tree and crops to avoid crop pests and diseases. Future collecting of plant material should take into account the importance of the traditional knowledge that contributes to the maintenance of intra- and inter- population diversity. nis concerns vernacular names, tree appearance, fruit production capacity, medicinal properties, origins and particular enviromnental conditions.The variation between individual trees is large, but the variation between populations is relatively small as is the variation between countries. The nature, the level and the structure of the phenotypic diversity observed in P . biglobosa is the result of several factors, among which are genetics and environment.The tree architecture is flexible and approaches the model of Champagnat; it adapts to enviromnental factors, as is the case of many of the Leguminosae. The species has developed various adaptive strategies that are reflected in its phenology and reproductive system. Leaves are always present, but gradually fall in the last weeks before the new leaves unfurl.Vegetative and reproductive parts are in competition for available energy sources. The onset of flowering is staggered from south to north, from November-December in the south to late March in the north, creating a difference of 3 to 4 months. As a consequence, fruiting is staggered too, from March in the south to July in the north. In contrast, in a east-west direction, staggering of flowering and fruiting is less, only about two weeks. Phenological variation along the latitudinal gradient is gradual. Rainfall and subsequent availability of water in the soil plays an important, but not exclusive, role in determining leaf production and flowering. The large individual phenological variations seem to be correlated to very localized soil conditions and to the genotype of individual trees.The reproductive system is allogamous by preference, but autogamy is always possible, even if limited by self-incompatibility. Bees constitute (in Burkina Faso) the main pollinators, together with bats. The activity of bats in the southern region is more important. The pollinators influence fruit set and the structure of inter-population diversity. Man strongly contributes to changes in the level and structure of intra- and inter-population diversity. His practices are very important in the savanas and are related to the importance ascribed to the tree. In forest zones the tree is valued relatively little.Because of the importance of P. biglobosa, it is necessary to deploy national, regional and international research and development to assure its conservation and genetic improvement. It is also needed to promote traditional cultivation practices to profit most of the available resources and to increase production in the existing agricultural system.Given the distribution of observed phenetic diversity, selection of a maximum of individuals from a limited number of populations at the country level, and of some populations on the regional level, represents an adequate strategy to capture a maximum of genetic diversity. Indigenous knowledge, favouring the role of women when aquiring these data, is indispensable to improve the selection. The on-going research to understand the level and the structure of inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity will no doubt supply useful additional information

Aspects épidémiologiques et étiologiques des affections pulmonaires d’origine parasitaire et fongique en milieu hospitalier à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Dans le souci de déterminer l’aspect épidémiologique et étiologique des affections pulmonaires d’origines parasitaire et fongique, une étude prospective transversale a été réalisée en milieu hospitalier à Ouagadougou de novembre 2012 en mai 2013, sur 103 patients suspectés avoir la maladie. Les examens parasitologiques, mycologiques et immunologiques ont été effectués selon les indications des prescripteurs, sur des prélèvements du liquide de lavage broncho-alvéolaire, du liquide pleural, des expectorations et du sang. A l’issue de ces examens, 59,2% des patients confirmés porteurs de parasites et/ou de mycètes dans leur appareil pulmonaire avec une prédominance des cultivateurs (26,2%) ont été détectés. Les hommes étaient les plus touchés avec un sex-ratio de 1,9. Parmi les antécédents médicaux, il y a eu une fréquence élevée des sujets à sérologie VIH positive. Trois parasites et 71 souches de champignons ont été isolés dont 4 types de coinfections fongiques. Ces données de bases montrent que les parasites et les champignons provoquent une pathologie pulmonaire non spécifique sur le plan clinique, radiologique et endoscopique. Le contexte épidémiologique et biologique permet d’orienter le diagnostic. La confirmation est apportée par la mise en évidence directe ou par des arguments indirects sérologiques. Ce qui permet d’obtenir une guérison par un traitement adapté au germe en cause.Mots clés : Affection pulmonaire, parasites, champignons, Burkina Faso

Risk factors associated with HIV prevalence in pregnant women in Burkina Faso, from 2006 to 2014

Purpose of the study: To determine the socio-demographic factors influencing the dynamics of HIV prevalence among pregnant women in Burkina Faso.Material and methods: A total of 66,597 pregnant women from the 13 health regions of Burkina Faso were included in this study conducted between 2006 and 2014. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for the detection of HIV antibodies according to WHO / UNAIDS strategy II, using the mixed test Vironostika HIV Uniform II Plus O (Bio-Mérieux) and the test discriminating ImmunoCombII HIV-1 & 2 BiSpot (Orgenics). Samples with discordant results between the two tests, as well as those positive to HIV-2 or HIV-1 + 2, were retested with HIV BLOT 2.2 (MP Diagnostics). Sociodemographic data collected from the participants were correlated with their HIV status to determine key risk factors influencing HIV infection prevalence in Burkina Faso.Results: Sociodemographic data showed that the study population consisted mainly of married women (91.2%) at their first pregnancy (27.1%) with a large majority of them being housewives (86.2%) who did not attend any form of schooling (69.4%). About 88.4% had stayed longer than a year in the health region where they initially participated in the study and 55.8% were between 20 and 29 years of age. Overall HIV prevalence significantly dropped from 2.7 % in 2006 to 1.3% in 2014. However HIV seroprevalence in this study has varied significantly according to socio-demographic characteristics including marital status, parity, occupation, education, age group and the length of stay in the women's health community (p <0.0001). Factors sustaining HIV transmission included the status of being unmarried (OR=1.67 [1.42-1.97]), primigest (OR=1.64 [1.41-1.89]), having other occupations except being student (OR = 1.68 [1.20-2.33]), aged between 20-49 years (OR=3.14 [2.51-3.93]) and the duration of stay less than a year in their locality (OR=5.33 [4.61-10.16]) and these factors were identified as main risk factors associated with HIV prevalence.Conclusion: Burkina Faso remains among the countries with concentrated epidemics despite a significant reduction in the prevalence observed in this study. The inclusion of identified risk factors in the national HIV program could improve the quality of the response to the epidemic.Keywords: HIV-Pregnant Women-Risk Factors-Burkina Fas

Antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Objective: To determine the frequency of extended-spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) and other antibioticsresistant bacteria in urinary tract isolates.Study Design: prospective and experimental study.Methodology: Place and duration of study :YalgadoOuedraogo University Hospital Center, Charles De Gaulle Pediatric Hospital Center, Saint Camille Hospital and National Public Health Laboratory, Ouagadougou, from November 2014 to October 2015.AllEnterobacteriaceaestrains isolated from urinary samples of patients were identifiedusing API 20E chemical gallery (BioMerieux, France). All strains were subjected to an array of 14 antibiotics to study their drug susceptibility by using Kirby- Baeurdisk diffusion method. Detection of ESBL was carried out by double disk diffusion technique. Statistical analysis was performed by Microsoft Excel and Anova one-way GrapPad Prism version 5.01. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to determine significance. A p˂ 0.05was considered to be statistically significant.Results: A total of 324 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were identified during the study period, including211(65%) E. coli, 75 (23%)Klebsiella spp., 18 (6%) Enterobacter spp., 11 (3%)Proteus spp., 5 (2%) Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. 3 (1%).All the clinical isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Resistance to amikacinwas 14% (45/324); gentamicin 54% (175/324); tobramycin 58% (187/324); nalidixic acid 72% (234/324),ciprofloxacin 63% (204/324) and to cotrimoxazole 83% (269/324).The overall rate of the EBSL producing strains was 35% (114/324). Their susceptibility to antibiotics was (imipenem,amikacin, cefoxitin and fosfomycin) 100% (114/114), 93% (106/114), 74% (84/114) and 84% (96/114) respectively. ESBL positivity within individual organism group was highest inEscherichia coli 64% (73/324) followed byKlebsiellaspp. 28% (32/324), Enterobacterspp. 3% (4/324), Proteus spp. and Citrobacterspp. 2% (2/324).Conclusion: The results showeda high frequency of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiellaspp. The data points to theneed of routine detection and surveillance of ESBL producing bacteria in Burkina Faso.Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Enterobacteriaceae, Urine, Burkina Fas

Emergence et diffusion de la résistance aux antibiotiques en Afrique de l'Ouest : facteurs favorisants et évaluation de la menace

L'émergence et la diffusion de la résistance aux antibiotiques représentent une menace majeure de santé publique aussi bien dans les pays développés (PD) que dans les pays en développement (PED). À l'échelle mondiale, la principale cause de cette émergence de résistance est une consommation non raisonnée des antibiotiques. Dans les pays à ressources limitées comme ceux de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, d'autres facteurs, plus spécifiques, socio-économiques et comportementaux, contribuent à exacerber cette menace. L'objectif de cette revue propose une mise à jour des facteurs communs et spécifiques des PED et particulièrement ceux d'Afrique de l'Ouest, impliqués dans l'amplification de ces phénomènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. Parmi ces éléments : i) certaines pratiques sociétales fréquentes comme l'automédication ; ii) une filière médicale défaillante avec des prescripteurs insuffisamment formés et des outils diagnostiques peu performants ; iii) ou encore, une filière du médicament non contrôlée avec des antibiotiques en vente libre, stockés de manière inadéquate, contrefaits ou/et périmés favorisent l'émergence de la résistance. La menace est particulièrement inquiétante concernant la sécrétion de bêta-lactamase à spectre élargi chez les entérobactéries avec des prévalences variant de 10 à 100 % et de 30 à 50 % respectivement pour la colonisation et les processus infectieux. La même tendance est observée pour la résistance aux carbapénèmes chez les entérobactéries avec des taux de 10 à 30 %, ou encore pour la résistance à la méticilline chez Staphylococcus aureus qui est supérieure à 30 %. Au regard de ces résultats inquiétants, un plan de lutte efficace s'impose dans ces régions. Les stratégies d'interventions doivent être intégrées et doivent cibler simultanément les décideurs, les prescripteurs et les utilisateurs

Onchocercoma of the scalp: A case report

Onchocerciasis or river blindness is a parasitic disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus transmitted to humans by the byte of a black fly of the species Simulium. This pathology, which is a part of the Neglected tropical Disease (NTDs), has been resurgent for some years in certain regions of Burkina Faso. We report a case of onchocercoma with the aim of describing the anatomopathological aspects of this pathology. These were two (02) biopsy fragments from a scalp nodule in an 8-year-old boy, received in the pathology laboratory for examination. In this case study, we recall that onchocerciasis is manifested mainly by skin lesions, subcutaneous nodules and ocular lesions. Histologically, the skin lesions present as a dermatitis with adult worms in the superficial dermis within a predominantly eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate. Nodules or onchocercomas, usually subcutaneous, consist of fibrous, inflammatory tissue with a predominance of eosinophils and adult worms including females containing microfilariae. Ocular lesions begin with punctate keratitis with a snowflake image. Sclerosis with opacification of the cornea progressively sets in, causing blindness

Epididymal bilharzia simulating a testicular tumor: A case report

Bilharzia or schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease due to infestation by a hematophagous trematode of the genus Schistosoma. It is the second most frequent parasitic endemic in the world after malaria. The most frequent tissue infections are intestinal and genitourinary. Testicular localizations of schistosoma are very rare. When lesions become chronic, they present as non-specific masses, bilharziomas, posing enormous problems of differential diagnosis with other benign and malignant pathologies, which impacts management. We report a case of epididymal schistosomiasis in a 37 years old patient simulating a malignant tumor. This case allowed us to review the diagnostic difficulties of this rare localization and the challenges of management

Diplome d’etudes specialisees de pneumologie: appreciation de la formation par les candidats audit diplome a la faculte des Sciences de la Sante de Lome

Objectif: Recenser l’appréciation qu’ont les apprenants sur l’école de pneumologie de Lomé.Méthodologie: Un questionnaire anonyme a été adressé aux 13 médecins en spécialisation au cours du mois d’Août 2015. Les items portaient sur les cours théoriques et la formation pratique.Résultats: Le taux de réponse était de 92,3%. Les médecins, en moyenne âgés de 38,9±6,68 ans, étaient en deuxième (05), troisième (02) et quatrième (05) année de spécialisation. Trois quarts des enquêtés bénéficiaient d’une bourse. Tous les résidents connaissaient les objectifs assignés au D.E.S. Les connaissances théoriques étaient acquises au cours des staffs matinaux et des cours magistraux dans 91,66% des cas et par des recherches personnelles dans 53,4% des cas. Plus de la moitié (58,3%) des enquêtés avaient participé à au moins un congrès scientifique.L’apprentissage des différents gestes d’exploration en pneumologie avait fait l’objet d’un enseignement magistral dans la moitié des cas. Les premiers gestes techniques avaient été supervisés par un senior (55,6%) ou par un pneumologue (44,4%). Les principales recommandations faites par les apprenants à la coordination du D.E.S. de Pneumologie étaient le renforcement du plateau technique (5/12), le tutorat des D.E.S. par des pneumologues lors de la préparation des exposés (5/12) et la prise en compte du niveau d’étude lors de la composition des épreuves écrites. 83,33% des enquêtés recommanderaient l’école de Pneumologie de Lomé à un confrère désireux de se spécialiser dans le domaine.Conclusion: L’appréciation des D.E.S. de pneumologie sur l’école de Lomé souligne la nécessité d’un renforcement en encadreurs et en plateau technique.Mots clés: Appréciation, DES, pneumologie, LoméEnglish Title: Diploma study respiratory specialist: assessment of training by candidates said degree at the faculty of Health Sciences LomeEnglish AbstractObjective: Identify learners' appreciation of the Lome Pulmology School.Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to 13 physicians in specialization during the month of August 2015. The items covered the theoretical courses and training convenient.Results: The response rate was 92.3%. Doctors, average age 38.9 ± 6.68 years, were second (05), third (02) and fourth (05) year of specialization. Three quarters of  respondents were receiving a scholarship. All residents were aware of the objectives assigned to D.E.S.Theoretical knowledge was acquired during the morning staff meetings and lectures in 91.66% of cases and by personal research in 53.4% of cases. More than half (58.3%) of respondents had participated in at least one scientific meeting. Learning the various exploration gestures pulmonology was the subject of a lecture in half the cases. The first technical movements were supervised by a senior (55.6%) or a pulmonologist (44.4%). The main recommendations made by learners coordination D.E.S. Pulmonary were the strengthening of the technical platform (5/12), tutoring D.E.S. by pulmonologists in preparing presentations (5/12) and taking into account the level of study when composing written tests. 83.33% of respondents would recommend the Lome Pneumology School to a colleague wishing to specialize in the field.Conclusion: The assessment of D.E.S. Respiratory on the Lome school emphasizes the need for supervisors in strengthening and technical platform.Keywords: Appreciation, DES, pulmonology, Lom